Xitsonga Grammar and Literature Words Meaning

Aliterexini (Alliteration)

Xitsonga: Mbuyelelo wa switatisi.
English: The repetition of the same consonant sounds at the beginning of words in close succession, often used for poetic or rhetorical effect.

Angarhela (Include Broadly)

Xitsonga: Ku katsa, hi xitalo, swilo hinkwaswo.
English: To include everything comprehensively or broadly.

Angula (Respond)

Xitsonga: Hlamula, ku va na rito eka mhaka.
English: To answer or respond to a question or topic.

Swivutiso swa Ximbangu (Contextual Questions)

Xitsonga: Swivutiso leswi fambisanaka na mbangu wa nhlamuselo.
English: Questions based on the context of the text or discussion.

Dikixinari (Dictionary)

Xitsonga: Xihlamusela marito.
English: A book or digital resource that provides the meanings of words, typically organized alphabetically.

Dlilosari (Glossary)

Xitsonga: Nongonoko wa tinhlamuselo ta marito.
English: A list of terms and their definitions, often included at the end of a book or text.

Dyondzo ya le henhla (Higher Education)

Xitsonga: Tidyondzo leti dyondziwaka loko mudyondzi a pasile Giredi ya 12, xik, tidyondzo ta le yunivhesiti, tikholichi na tin’wana.
English: Post-secondary education pursued after completing Grade 12, such as university or college studies.

Fonimi (Phoneme)

Xitsonga: Xiphemu xa mpfumawulo wa marito lowu vangaka ku cinca ka nhlamuselo ya marito.
English: The smallest unit of sound in a language that can change the meaning of a word.

Fonto (Font)

Xitsonga: Sayizi ya matsalelo eka tikhomphyuta.
English: The style or size of text used in written or digital communication.

Hlela (Evaluate)

Xitsonga: Ku pima nkokaku hlela, ku lavisisa ntiyiso wa mhaka, ku pfuxeta switshuriwa hi xikongomelo xo swi antswisa.
English: To assess or analyze critically, often with the aim of improving or clarifying something.

Inthavhiyu (Interview)

Xitsonga: Ku vutisa swivutiso ku lava ku kuma ntiyiso wa xiheri lowu munhu a nga na wona mayelana na timhaka to karhi.
English: A formal meeting or conversation where questions are asked to gather information or opinions.

Jagoni (Jargon)

Xitsonga: Marito lawa ya tirhisiwaka hi vanhu lava tirhaka ntirho wun’we kumbe ntlawa wo karhi.
English: Specialized or technical language used by a specific group, often within a profession or field.

Khepixini (Caption)

Xitsonga: Marito kumbe xivulwana xo hlamusela xifaniso.
English: A short text or phrase accompanying an image, explaining or providing context.

Ku andlala (Explain Clearly)

Xitsonga: Ku veka timhaka erivaleni, ku hlamusela timhaka.
English: To lay out or explain information clearly and concisely.

Ku hlula (Review)

Xitsonga: Ku hlamusela leswinene na / kumbe swo biha hi xiendlo kumbe munhu kumbe nchumu wo karhi.
English: To assess or evaluate the positives and/or negatives of an action, person, or object.

Ku jekajekisana (Debate)

Xitsonga: Ku kanerisana hi ntlhanu leyi kanerisekaka.
English: A structured argument or discussion between opposing sides on a particular topic.

Mafambakun’we (Collocations)

Xitsonga: I marito lama tirhisiwaka swin’we loko hi vulavula kumbe ku tsala, xik, bandi na buruku.
English: Words that are commonly used together in speech or writing, such as “salt and pepper.”

Mahetelelo yo khovolela (Ironic Twist)

Xitsonga: I mahetelelo lama a ma nga languteriwanga ya xitori.
English: An unexpected or ironic ending to a story.

Matsalwavutomi (Biography)

Xitsonga: Matsalwa lawa munhu wo karhi va hlamuselaka ta vutomi bya munhu un’wana.
English: A written account of someone’s life, usually written by another person.

Mavonelo ya mhaka hi tihlo rin’we (Bias)

Xitsonga: Mahlamuselele ya swilo kumbe vanhu hi ndlela yo angarha kumbe ku khuma miehleketo yo karhi.
English: A one-sided perspective that influences the portrayal of objects or people.

Mbulavurisano (Communication)

Xitsonga: Maendlelo ya ku phinselana mahungu exikarhi ka vanhu.
English: Methods of exchanging information between people.

Mbangu (Setting)

Xitsonga: Ndhawu kumbe matshamelo ya swilo eka switshuriwa.
English: The environment or context in which a story or event takes place.

Mfanelo (Fairness)

Xitsonga: Ku va swilo swi ri hindlela leyi swi lavekaka hi yona kumbe swi ri leswi amukelekaka.
English: The quality of being right, just, or acceptable.

Mfungho (Symbol)

Xitsonga: Xifaniso xo yimela swilo swo karhi.
English: A representation of something, often through an image, object, or sign.

Mfuwo (Culture)

Xitsonga: Swilo swa ndhavuko.
English: Customs, traditions, and practices that define a community or society.

Mijekajekisano (Debates)

Xitsonga: Ku kanerisana hi swilo leswi pakanisaka mavonelo ya swivulavuri.
English: Structured discussions where people argue for or against a specific topic.

Minkaneto (Opposition)

Xitsonga: Yi hlamusela leswaku hikokwalaho ka yini xipanu xin’wana xi nga pfumelelana na xin’wana.
English: Arguments or reasons why one side disagrees with another.

Milawu (Rules)

Xitsonga: Milawu ya matsalelo.
English: Guidelines or regulations governing certain actions or systems, such as writing rules.

Misinya (Principles)

Xitsonga: Milawu.
English: Fundamental guidelines or standards.

Minseketelo (Arguments)

Xitsonga: I nhlamuselo leyi munhu a yi nyikaka loko a yimelela mavonelo ya yena mayelana na mhaka yo karhi.
English: Reasons or explanations used to support a point of view during a debate or discussion.

Thoni (Tone)

Matlakuselo ya Rito
Xitsonga: Matlakuselo na ku yisa rito loko munhu a vulavula.
English: The rise and fall of voice when speaking.
Matitwelo ya Mutsari
Xitsonga: Matitwelo ya muvulavuri kumbe mutsari mayelana na mhaka leyi a tsalaka hi yona.
English: The emotional perspective or attitude of the speaker or writer towards the subject.

Moya (Mood)

Xitsonga: Xiyimo lexi muvulavuri a nga eka xona.
English: The atmosphere or emotional setting created by the speaker or writer.

Mimpfapfarhutonthathelo (Caricature)

Xitsonga: I mimpfapfarhuto yo thathela xivumbeko xa munhu.
English: Exaggerated representations of someone, often used in cartoons for humorous or critical purposes.

Mpfanganiso (Combination)

Xitsonga: Ku katsa kumbe vuxaka bya swilo swo hambanahambana hi ndlela yo nghenelela.
English: A mixture or interaction of different elements.

Mpfelelo wa Marito (Word Derivation)

Xitsonga: Ku tumbuluka ka marito ya huma eka man’wana.
English: The formation of new words derived from existing ones.

Mpimaniso (Comparison)

Xitsonga: Ku kuma ku fana na ku hambana.
English: Identifying similarities and differences.

Ncino (Rhyme)

Xitsonga: Mbuyelelo wa mimpfumawulo leyi fanaka.
English: The repetition of similar sounds, usually at the ends of lines in poetry.

Ndzima (Scope)

Xitsonga: Ku leha ka ntirho lowu faneleke ku endliwa.
English: The extent or length of a task or project.

Ndzungulo (Narration)

Xitsonga: Ku rungula timhaka leti nga humelela.
English: The recounting of events or storytelling.

Nhlangano (Synthesis)

Xitsonga: Ku hlanganisa miehleketo kumbe timhaka ku humesa hungu leri twisisekaka.
English: Combining ideas or facts to form a coherent whole.

Nhlamuseloxidzi na Nhlamuselovuyimeri (Definition and Representation)

Xitsonga: Nhlamuselo ya ntiyiso na leyi yimelaka swilo swo karhi.
English: Literal definition versus representational meaning.

Njhekajekisano (Debate)

Xitsonga: Ku kanerisana hi mavonelo ya swivulavuri leswi nga pfumelelani.
English: A formal discussion involving opposing viewpoints.

Nkamafundza (Improper Practices)

Xitsonga: Ku landzelela maendlelo yo karhi lama nga amukelekiki.
English: Following unacceptable or inappropriate practices.

Nkamakholo (Bias)

Xitsonga: Xigaririmi xo pfumala nyanyulo.
English: A prejudice or inclination that prevents fair judgment.

Nkanakaniso (Ambiguity)

Xitsonga: Nhlamuselo leyi nga riki erivaleni.
English: An explanation or statement that is unclear or open to multiple interpretations.

Nkandzinganelo (Discrimination)

Xitsonga: Ku ka vanhu va nga khomiwi ku fana.
English: Unfair treatment of people, often based on differences such as race, gender, or beliefs.

Nkatsakanyo (Paraphrasing)

Xitsonga: Nkomiso wa timhaka hi marito ya wena n’wina.
English: Restating information in your own words.

Nkhapelano (Articulation)

Xitsonga: Ku komba ku nyiketana ka minthwaso kumbe swiyenge swa minthwaso eka magondzo yo dyondza.
English: Clear connection or transition between different parts of education or content.

Nkhaqato (Ethics)

Xitsonga: Ku tirhisa kumbe malongoloxelo ya timhaka hi ndlela leyi amukelekaka na hi mfanelo.
English: The principles of right conduct or acceptable practices.

Nkhetekanyo (Classification)

Xitsonga: Ku ava swilo ku ya hi vuxaka bya swona.
English: Grouping things based on their similarities or relationships.

Nkhulukelano (Coherence)

Xitsonga: Ku komba vuxaka na vun’we bya miehleketo kumbe timhaka eka xitshuriwa.
English: Logical connection and unity of ideas in a text or discourse.

Nkhuluko (Clarity)

Xitsonga: Mavekelo ya timhaka hi ndlela yo ka yi nga ri na ku kanana.
English: The quality of being clear and easy to understand.

Nkongomelo (Main Idea)

Xitsonga: Mongo wa mhaka, dyondzo ya mhaka, kumbe mhakankulu.
English: The central or primary concept in a discussion or text.

Nkongomo (Focus)

Xitsonga: Leswi munhu a kongomeke ku swi endla, leswi a langutaneke na swona ntsena.
English: The specific goal or direction a person is focusing on.

Nsongavutivi (Encyclopedia)

Xitsonga: Buku kumbe xikatsa xa tibuku lexi nyikaka timhaka hi xiyenge xin’wana na xin’wana xa vutivi kumbe tinhlokomhaka to hambanahambana.
English: A reference book or series of books providing summaries of knowledge on a wide range of topics.

Ntirhisavuswikoti (Competency-Based Learning)

Xitsonga: Maendlelo lawa ya tekelaka enhlokweni vuswikoti lebyi mudyondzi a nga na byona.
English: An approach that focuses on mastering specific skills rather than just completing a curriculum.

Ntsalwavutomi / Otobayogirafi (Autobiography)

Xitsonga: Tsalwa leri munhu wo karhi a hlamuselaka hi ta vutomi bya yena n’wina.
English: A written account of someone’s life, written by that person.

Ntlanguencenyeto (Critique)

Xitsonga: Migingiriko yo encenyeta eka ntlangu.
English: An activity or process of evaluating and analyzing something, such as a performance or work.

Ntlangu wo Tikhovelela (Satire)

Xitsonga: Timhaka leti vuyaka hi ximunhuhatwa.
English: The use of humor, irony, or ridicule to criticize or expose people’s flaws or societal issues.

Ntlimbo (Exaggeration)

Xitsonga: Nsohano wa timhaka.
English: Statements or descriptions that overemphasize facts for effect.

Ntokoto (Experience)

Xitsonga: Ku tiva swilo hi ku va u swi vonile kumbe u swi endlile hi wena n’wina handle ko twa hi van’wana.
English: Knowledge or skills gained through direct involvement or observation.

Ntshikelelo (Emphasis)

Xitsonga: Ku tsotsosela mhaka yo karhi.
English: Giving special importance or attention to something.

Nxopaxopo wa Xihenhla (Critical Overview)

Xitsonga: Ku langutisa hungu ro karhi xihenhla.
English: A high-level critical review or analysis of a topic.

N’watindzimi (Polyglot)

Xitsonga: Munhu loyi a tivaka tindzimi to tlula rin’we.
English: A person who knows and can use several languages.

Papila Ro Seketela (Support Letter)

Xitsonga: Papila leri fambisaka na switshuriwa swin’wana, naswona ri nga fambisiwa na tifomo to kombela ntirho kumbe ntsalwavutitivisi.
English: A letter that accompanies additional documents, often used in applications or certifications.

Phewa (Contradiction)

Xitsonga: Mhaka yo ka yi nga twali.
English: A statement or situation that contains opposing or conflicting elements.

Pholisemi (Polysemy)

Xitsonga: Rito leri nga na tinhlamuselo to tala.
English: A word that has multiple meanings depending on context.

Phofula (Express)

Xitsonga: Ku humesa matitwelo.
English: To convey feelings, thoughts, or ideas.

Ririmi Ra Le Kaya (Home Language)

Xitsonga: Ririmi leri mudyondzi a ri tirhisaka laha a kuleleke kona naswona a nga ri vulavula handle ko tilumaluma.
English: The language a learner uses at home and can speak fluently without difficulty.

Ririmi Ra Mfanelo (Appropriate Language)

Xitsonga: Ku vula timhaka hi ndlela leyi amukelekaka.
English: Using language in a manner that is acceptable and appropriate to the context.

Ririmi Ra Swikoweto (Sign Language)

Xitsonga: Ku tirhisa swirho ku vula mhaka, ku fana na ririmi leri tirhisiwaka hi timbheveve.
English: The language that uses gestures and signs to communicate, especially by the deaf.

Ririmi Ro Engetela (Additional Language)

Xitsonga: Ririmi rin’wana na rin’wana leri dyondzisiwaka ku engetela Ririmi ra le Kaya.
English: Any language taught to supplement the home language.

Rito (Word/Voice)

Xitsonga: Rito leri hi nyikaka mpfumawulo loko hi vulavula.
English: A word we pronounce when speaking.
Xitsonga: Mavonelo kumbe matitwelo ya munhu, xik. “Vana va fanele ku va na nyika rito eka ta madyondziselo ya vona.”
English: The voice or opinion of a person, e.g., “Children should have a say in their education.”

Rhejisitara (Register)

Xitsonga: Marito, xitayili, na ntlakuso swi tirhisiwaka ku ya hi xiyimo.
English: The style and tone of language used depending on the context, e.g., formal vs. informal language.

Swiaki Swa Ririmi (Language Structures)

Xitsonga: Swihluvi swa mbulavulo ku katsa marito man’wana.
English: The components of language, including words and their structures.

Swihlamuselaririmirimbe (Subtitles)

Xitsonga: Marito lama hlamuselaka leswi vuriwaka eka ntlangu kumbe filimi loko ku tirhisiwa ririmi leri hi nga ri tiviki.
English: Text displayed on screen to translate or clarify spoken language in plays or films.

Swihangalasamahungu (Media)

Xitsonga: Switirhisiwa leswi kotaka ku hangalasa mahungu.
English: Tools or platforms used to disseminate information, e.g., radio, TV, newspapers.

Swivutiso Swo Pfumala Nhlamulo (Rhetorical Questions)

Xitsonga: Swivutiso swo tshikelela mhaka.
English: Questions asked for emphasis rather than for an actual response.

Swivulavulelwana (Colloquialisms)

Xitsonga: Ririmi ro gega ro fambelana na swivulavulelwana kambe ri nga tikombi swinene.
English: Informal language or expressions used in everyday conversation.

Swivuriso (Idioms)

Xitsonga: Rixaka rin’wana ra ririmi ro gega.
English: Figurative phrases with meanings different from their literal sense.

Vufanisi (Imagery)

Xitsonga: Marito yo humesa swifaniso swa le miehleketweni ku fana na xigego, xihlambanyiso na swin’wana.
English: The use of descriptive language to create mental images.

Vuhlamusela Swa Le Mahlweni (Foreshadowing)

Xitsonga: Ku nyika vuthala bya leswi nga ta humelela eka nkarhi lowu taka exitorini.
English: Giving hints or indications of what will happen later in the story.

Vuhlamusela Swa Le Ndzhaku (Flashback)

Xitsonga: Ku rungula leswi nga humelela khale evuton’wini bya ximunhuhatwa.
English: A narrative technique where past events are recounted to provide background.

Vuandlalelamahlweni (Foregrounding)

Xitsonga: Eka xifaniso, minchumu leyi yi tikombaka yi vekiwe emahlweni ka yin’wana.
English: Highlighting elements in an image or narrative to emphasize their importance.

Vuandlalelandzhaku (Backgrounding)

Xitsonga: Eka xifaniso, minchumu leyi yi tikombaka yi vekiwe endzhaku ka yin’wana.
English: Deemphasizing elements in an image or narrative by placing them in the background.

Vumbhoni (Evidence)

Xitsonga: Vuxokoxoko lebyi tirhisiwaka ku seketela timhaka.
English: Details or facts used to support claims or arguments.

Vumunhuhati (Personification)

Xitsonga: Xigaririmi xo hundzula minchumu yi va vanhu.
English: A figure of speech where non-human objects are given human qualities.

Vundzenii (Prerequisite Knowledge)

Xitsonga: Leswi faneleke ku dyondzisiwa.
English: Knowledge that must be taught or acquired beforehand.

Vutshila (Skill/Talent)

Xitsonga: Vuswikoti kumbe vuxongi.
English: Ability or artistry in performing a task.

Vutshila Bya Nhlamuselo (Analytical Skills)

Xitsonga: Maendlelo yo karhi yo kuma tinhlamuselo.
English: Specific methods or techniques used to extract or interpret meanings.

Vutshilavuxongi (Creative Skills)

Xitsonga: Maendlelo yo kota ku veketela timhaka hi ndlela yo nyanyula, yo hlawuleka na ku koka vaamukeri va mahungu.
English: Creative techniques to present ideas in an engaging and unique way.

Xifaniso (Metaphor/Image)

Xitsonga: Mpfapfarhuto wo yimela xo karhi lexi voniwaka.
English: A visual representation or metaphor used for comparison.

Xihlambanyiso (Simile)

Xitsonga: Xigaririmi xo fananisa swilo hi ku pimanisa.
English: A figure of speech that compares two things using “like” or “as.”

Xihlekiso (Humor)

Xitsonga: Xigaririmi xa misavu.
English: Use of language to evoke laughter or amusement.

Xihlekulo (Satire)

Xitsonga: Tsalwa ro hlamusela timhaka hi ku monya na ku hlekula.
English: Writing or speech that mocks or criticizes through humor.

Xikhovolelo Xa Nandzulo (Historical Allusion)

Xitsonga: Xigaririmi xa nandzulo.
English: A reference to historical events or figures.

Xiletelo Xa Makambelelo (Rubric)

Xitsonga: Xitirho xo letela lava kambelaka matirhelo ya mudyondzi eka ntirho wo karhi.
English: A guideline or tool used to assess a learner’s performance.

Ximunhuhatwa (Character)

Xitsonga: Mutlangi eka xitshuriwa.
English: A person or figure depicted in a text or story.

Xipfuneti (Conjunction)

Xitsonga: Mofimi leyi tirhisiwaka ku kombisa matlhelo na minkarhi.
English: A word used to link phrases or clauses.

Xivulwan’we (Simple Sentence)

Xitsonga: I xivulwa lexi xi nga na riendli rin’we, xi hlamuselaka mhaka yin’we ntsena.
English: A sentence that contains one main idea.

Xivulwankatsano (Compound Sentence)

Xitsonga: I xivulwa lexi eka xona ku hlanganisiweke swivulwanahosi kumbe swivulwan’we ntsena.
English: A sentence formed by combining two or more independent clauses.

Xopaxopa (Analyze)

Xitsonga: Ku tlhantlha hi ku lava ku twisisa.
English: To examine closely to understand or explain.

Yelaniso (Alliteration/Assonance)

Xitsonga: Ku yelana ka mimpfumawulo.
English: Repetition of sounds, especially vowels (assonance) or consonants (alliteration).

Swiaki Swa Marito

Swirhangi, Timintsu Na Swilandzi/Swiheteleri:
- Swirhangi: Ku sungula ka marito, leswi hlayisaka ku rhangela ka marito eka swivulwa.
- Timintsu: Xivumbeko xa marito lexi hundzisaka nhlamuselo ya xona.
- Swilandzi/Swiheteleri: Leswi humeleka ekutlhelweni ka marito ku aka swivulwa.
Maviti (Nouns):
- Rivitaswianakanyiwa: Ku yisa eka swivumbeko leswi khumbanaka na miehleketo.
- Rivitaswilo: Swivumbeko leswi kombisaka swilo kumbe swilo swa xiviri.
- Rivitankatsano: Maviti lama kombisaka ntlawa, xik. vanhu, swiharhi.
- Rivitantlawa: Maviti lama vulavulaka hi ntlawa wo karhi, xik. xifanyetana.
Masivi (Pronouns):
- Risivikomba: Xik. loyi, leswi, lava.
- Risivinene: Xik. yena, vona, tona.
- Risivintalo: Xik. ndzexe, voxe, hinkwaswo.

Maendli (Verbs) Na Minkarhi Ya Riendli

Minkarhi ya Riendli:
- Nkarhi wa sweswi: Ndza dya.
- Nkarhi lowu taka: Ndzi ta dya.
- Nkarhi lowu nga hundza: Ndzi dyile.
Marhavi Ya Riendli:
- Rhavi Ra Xitwisiwo: Tirhiwa (Ku endliwa).
- Rhavi Ra Xivuyevuye: Dyetetela (Ku endla swo hlayanyana).
- Rhavi Ra Xitlhandlulo: Simula, tirhulula (Ku sungula kumbe ku rhula).
Matlhelo ya Riendli:
- Tlhelo Ra Mpfumelo: Ku kombisa leswi nga ntiyiso.
- Tlhelo Ra Nandzulo: Ku vulavula hi leswi nga hundza.

Milawu Ya Matirhiselo Ya Ririmi

Swivutiso:
- Swik. Xana?, yini?, kwihi?, rini?, njhani?
Ku Longoloxa Marito Hindlela Leyinene:
- Xosungula: Loko u sungula.
- Xavumbirhi: Leswaku u landzelela eka mhaka.
- Xavunharhu: Ku gimeta mhaka.
Fananisa:
- Ku kombisa ku fana na ku hambana: Hambiswiritano, kambe.
Milawu Ya Nhlamuselo:
- Xivangelo na Ndlela: Hi xivangelo lexi, hikwalaho ka…
- Ku Angarhela: Hi ku angarhela, ku hetelela.

Tinhlamuselo Na Tinhlamuselomarito

Tinhlamuselo To Kongoma:
- Ku kombisa leswi nga erivaleni.
Tinhlamuselo To Gega:
- Ku tirhisa ririmi ra xihlekiso kumbe ku khumba timbilu.

Ndzemuko Wa Matirhiselo Ya Ririmi

Timhaka Ta Ntiyiso Na Mavonelo:
- Ku hambanisa exikarhi ka timhaka leti sekeriweke eka vumbhoni na leswi nga mavonelo.
Ririmi Ro Khorwisa Na Ku Khumba Matitwelo:
- Ku tirhisa marito lama hoxaka xandla ku khorwisa kumbe ku susumetela.
Vuxaka Byi Nga Kona Eka Ririmi Na Matimba:
- Ku hlamusela ndlela leyi ririmi ri nga tirhisiwaka ku tumbuluxa mavonelo kumbe ku khumba vanhu.

Xifaniso Lexi Kongomisiweke Eka Ku Dyondza

Nhlamuselo ya Nhlokomhaka: Hi ku vona ka mina, ndzi tshemba leswaku…
Ndzimana Yo Hlamusela: Henhla ka leswi, swi komba leswaku…
Ku Gimeta Mahungu: Hi ku komisa, hi nga gimeta hi leswi…

Ndzi nga engetela leswi, loko swi laveka!